Roman Numerals in Archaeology and Inscriptions

A practical overview of how Roman numerals appear in archaeological finds and epigraphic records.

Introduction

Roman numerals are not just a numeric system—they are a window into the administrative and ceremonial life of the Roman world. Archaeological finds, from milestone markers to funerary plaques, are often dated using Roman numerals, offering scholars valuable chronological anchors.

Common Contexts in the Archaeological Record

Roman numerals frequently appear in:

  • Milestones (milliaria) – distance from the city of Rome or between stations
  • Dedication stones – commemorating public works or imperial projects
  • Gravestones and memorials – indicating age at death or year of burial
  • Military diplomas – recording service durations and discharge dates
Numerals carved into stone across the Roman Empire: distance, age, and dates of construction.

Interpreting Dates

Dates in Roman inscriptions often combine numerals with abbreviations for consular years or imperial reigns. Some common phrases include:

  • ANNO DOMINI – “in the year of our Lord” (post-classical)
  • ANNORUM XXV – “aged 25”
  • IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS VI P P – Consular titles with numeric designations

Example Interpretation

D M  
LVCIVS FLAVIVS PRIMVS  
ANNORVM XXXV  
H S E

Translation:
To the Spirits of the Departed  
Lucius Flavius Primus  
aged 35  
is buried here

Why It Matters

Understanding Roman numerals is essential for:

  • Dating archaeological layers
  • Deciphering Latin epigraphy
  • Reconstructing historical timelines
  • Teaching classical literacy in context

Final Note

Whether etched into marble or stamped in lead, Roman numerals persist as silent witnesses to the administrative order of Rome. Recognising them helps bridge the gap between artefact and interpretation, turning ancient stones into legible stories.