How to Convert Numbers into Roman Numerals

A step-by-step guide for converting modern numbers into Roman numerals.

Introduction

Converting modern (Arabic) numerals into Roman numerals may seem daunting at first, but the process is highly systematic. With just a few rules and a memorised table of values, it’s easy to translate any number up to several thousand into its Roman equivalent.

Value Table

First, become familiar with the basic symbols and their corresponding values:

Symbol Value
M 1000
D 500
C 100
L 50
X 10
V 5
I 1

Larger numbers are formed by combining these values in descending order.

Step-by-Step Conversion

To convert a number:

  1. Break the number down by place value
  2. Replace each digit with its corresponding Roman numeral
  3. Use subtractive notation where needed

Example: Convert 1987

  1. Break down: 1000 + 900 + 80 + 7
  2. Match symbols:
    • 1000 = M
    • 900 = CM
    • 80 = LXXX
    • 7 = VII
  3. Combine: MCMLXXXVII 
1987 → M + CM + LXXX + VII = MCMLXXXVII

Practice Examples

42    → XLII
73    → LXXIII
1492  → MCDXCII
2024  → MMXXIV

Use these to test your understanding or as a quick reference.

A conversion chart is a helpful visual guide when learning or teaching Roman numerals.

Tools and Resources

There are many online converters, but understanding the logic behind Roman numerals is more rewarding and ensures you’re never caught off-guard when encountering a historic date or inscription.

Conclusion

Converting numbers into Roman numerals is an excellent exercise in pattern recognition and historical numeracy. With a little practice, you’ll be able to read and write Roman numerals with ease—whether for academic work, teaching, or interpreting classical material.