Textual Sources for Roman Mathematics

Introduction

Under construction

Mathematics at Rome

Roman Mathematical Education

The Roman Practical Mathematical Tradition

The Roman Mathematical Tradition in the Early Middle Ages

Formating Example

Roman numerals frequently appear in:

Milestones (milliaria) – distance from the city of Rome or between stations
Dedication stones – commemorating public works or imperial projects
Gravestones and memorials – indicating age at death or year of burial
Military diplomas – recording service durations and discharge dates

Numerals carved into stone across the Roman Empire: distance, age, and dates of construction.

Formating example

D M  
LVCIVS FLAVIVS PRIMVS  
ANNORVM XXXV  
H S E

Translation:
To the Spirits of the Departed  
Lucius Flavius Primus  
aged 35  
is buried here

Final Note

Whether etched into marble or stamped in lead, Roman numerals persist as silent witnesses to the administrative order of Rome. Recognising them helps bridge the gap between artefact and interpretation, turning ancient stones into legible stories.